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Application Advice

Spring ’23 – Hit grass weeds early

December 16, 2022 by

Recent research by NIAB and Syngenta shows attention to detail and timing will help improve weed control this spring. Operators will also need to be prepared to select the right nozzle and rate to hit the target as the season progresses.

Overwintered grass weeds are set to be an exceptional challenge this season. A combination of the dry summer limiting stale seedbed control opportunities, earlier than normal autumn crop establishment and mild autumn conditions triggering prolific grass weed germination, have all increased the burden.

Going into the spring, farmers, agronomists and sprayer operators face the prospect of high weed populations of wild oats, ryegrass and some brome species, as well as larger plants to contend with.

Big competition

New research by NIAB and Syngenta reveals the overwintered and earliest emerged grass weeds have the greatest competitive effect on crop yields, as well as producing far higher numbers of viable seeds to perpetuate weed problems in future years, reports Syngenta Technical Manager and grass weed specialist, Pete Hawkins.

“The NIAB research really confirms the advice to target spring grass weeds as early in the season as possible. While there may be a temptation to delay treatment to allow later germinating grass weeds to come up, the trials show these later emerging weeds pose far less threat to the crop and produce a much lower seed return at maturity,” he explains.

Don’t hold off

Holding off grass weed treatments will result in more competition on crop yields and could prove more difficult to control – requiring higher herbicide rates and a greater challenge for application.

Pete advocates treating wild oats and ryegrass as soon as weather conditions enable consistent plant growth from the start of February. “Good growth of target weeds is important to translocate the herbicide active down into the root and achieve a complete kill,” he adds.
In recent seasons, after a good start to early spring growth, there have been prolonged dry periods in late spring that have curtailed growth that could compromise herbicide results. In these situations, it may be necessary to apply the grass weed herbicide treatment as a separate application, or delay treatment until better growing conditions resume.

Another good reason for applying early is that weeds are easier to target and hit with the spray while the crop is still relatively small and open, explains Pete.

“With the early Axial Pro treatments, Syngenta application research has shown using the 3D angled nozzle is most effective at hitting and retaining spray on the target grass weeds.

Applying in a water volume of 100 litres/ha with the 3D nozzle can ensure good coverage of the leaf, but without over wetting surfaces and leading to run off,” he advises.

Where crops have tillered and are larger at the time of application, however, the grass weeds may be shielded from the spray, he warns. “In these situations, we would recommend operators switch to the more upright spray pattern of an Amistar (GuardianAir) nozzle, to get more spray down into the canopy, and increase water volume closer to 200 litres/ha.”

Control the pressure

Growers should, however, avoid the urge to increase spray pressure in an attempt to push the spray into the canopy. It is actually counterproductive, because the higher pressure creates a greater proportion of fine droplets, which are less able to penetrate the crop canopy and are at risk of being lost as drift.

Using a larger sized nozzle or drift reduction technology at a slower speed will apply the required water volume more consistently and effectively.

Treating overwintered wild oats, for example, up to growth stage 29, an Axial Pro rate of 0.6 litres/ha is advised in good growing conditions, increasing up to the maximum 0.82 litres/ha where growing conditions are compromised. For larger weeds, up to growth stage 39, and for all ryegrass treatments, the higher rate of 0.82 litres/ha would be the default, he adds.


Each field’s weed burden needs to be individually assessed, he suggests. “Broad- leaved weeds are typically easier to control later in the season, without the same fears of crop competition and weed multiplication associated with grass weeds.”

Tank mixing with a compatible broad-leaved herbicide can achieve a complete spring clean-up of weeds in a single spray, which reduces time and cost, points out Pete.

Stick to the sequence

Operators do need to be aware of stipulations with herbicide sequences. Using Axial Pro first in a herbicide sequence that includes SU/ALS or hormone broad-leaved weed treatments, for example, ensures the grass weeds can be taken out at the optimum time. This is compared with a 21-day interval required after a ALS/hormone herbicide has been used before the grass weed control can be applied.

“Earlier targeting of wild oats, ryegrass and other grass weeds does give the flexibility to achieve control at lower application rates and increases the likelihood of better control overall. But as weeds increase in size, or where spring application conditions are less conducive, the rates may need to be increased accordingly,” he suggests.

Axial Pro can be applied at full rate right up to GS41 in wheat and barley. This compares with GS31 and at a capped rate with fenoxaprop in barley, for example. With these late season applications, where weeds are still within the crop using the Amistar (GuardianAir) nozzle is the best option, however when weeds have risen above the crop Pete recommends operators revert to an angled 3D nozzle at 100 litres/ha to best target the exposed leaves.

“These treatments are too late to prevent the yield loss from weed competition, but can be useful in reducing the weed seed return for future seasons,” he adds.

Sprayer operators also have an important role in identifying grass weed infestations in the crop as the season progresses. Mapping weed patches can help to build up a picture of problems and prove invaluable in decision making for integrated control strategies, including adapting crop rotations, establishment techniques, seed rates and drilling timing in subsequent seasons.

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Preparation boosts pre-em performance – Part II

August 12, 2021 by

Applying pre-emergence herbicides

In the second exclusive EIO application advice video, Syngenta application specialist Scott Cockburn, explains the best techniques to employ when applying pre-emergence herbicides.

With increased resistance to post emergence herbicides, there’s never been a more important time to ensure you get your pre-emergence application correct.

Before starting any spray regime, it’s a good idea to make a plan, says Scott Cockburn. This should include:

  • Stale seedbeds
  • Delayed drilling
  • Crop rotation
  • Seedbed preparation
  • Application timing

“Residual herbicides work best when applied to a firm, fine seedbed,” he says. “This will maximise coverage on the soil surface.”

Right on time

When it comes to timing, it’s really important to get the application on as quickly as possible – ideally within 48hrs after drilling, adds Scott. “This ensures it will kill the weeds when they are at their most vulnerable stage.”

Hit the target

For pre-em residual herbicides the target is the soil. It’s easier to miss than some may think, so a good set-up and technique will make a big difference to the application, says Scott.

As usual, boom height, forward speed, water volumes and nozzle selection will all help improve the efficacy.

Working together

Boom height and forward speed are closely linked. “We need to maintain 50cm above the soil surface and, ideally, at a speed of less than 12km/hr to protect boom stability. This will also have a significant effect on reducing spray drift.

“Less drift puts more product on the surface, which provides better control when the weeds do eventually emerge.

Volume is crucial

The aim of the pre-em application is to cover the whole surface – creating a ‘cling-film’ effect across the top of the soil – through which the weeds have to emerge. “This means the right water volume can help improve coverage,” he adds. Research shows 200 litre/ha proves the most effective with all nozzle combinations – typically achieving double the control of a 50 litre/ha application and a 30% better result than 100 litre/ha.

Nozzle choice to cut drift

With no crop to catch drift, correct nozzle choice is essential, explains Scott. “We have found 90% drift reduction nozzle such as the Teejet TTI can work very effectively – and in less than ideal conditions.

“In cloddy seedbeds, angled nozzles will reduce the shadowing effects of the clods and improve coverage,” he says.

Follow best practice

  • Apply to a find firm seedbed
  • Keep forward speed to less than 12km/hr
  • Maintain 50cm boom height above the target
  • Water volume of 200 litres/ha
  • 90% drift reduction nozzles

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Get the best from autumn applications – Part I

August 12, 2021 by

summer stubbles autumn applications

In the first of a series of exclusive EIO application advice videos Syngenta application specialist, Scott Cockburn, explains how to get the most effective weed control when spraying off stale seedbeds prior to drilling.

In the face of increasing resistance to selective products, making the best use of stale seedbeds to control weeds with glyphosate provides the best start for the weed control regime.

Start by making a stale seedbed, advises Scott: “This takes time and patience. Aim to leave the field as long as possible, to achieve maximum germination of weeds and volunteers before spraying.”

Use shallow cultivations to disturb the surface, kill small weed plants and encourage a second flush to germinate. “Again, leave the field for as long as possible before spraying off with an application of glyphosate. This process should be repeated as many times as possible, to fit in with other cultural controls such as delayed drilling,” he says.

Key application areas

“Glyphosate’s systemic action means it takes only one drop to kill the target plant. But to get the most out of every application, pay close attention to some key areas,” he advises.

  • Boom height – 50cm above the target.

This provides the best coverage with the nozzles and reduces the risk of drift and ensures the maximum amount hits the target.

  • Forward speed – less than 12km/hr.

This maintains boom stability, ensuring it stays at 50cm.

  • Nozzle selection – Grassweeds present a small target and angled nozzles provide better deposition on the plant.

In ideal spray conditions a nozzle such as the 3D, alternated forwards and backwards, will deliver optimum efficacy.

In compromised conditions 90% drift reduction nozzles are proven to work very effectively, and there is now a wide choice on the market. These nozzles produce a much coarser droplet and help to reduce the risk of drift.

drift reduction for autumn aplication

Top tips for stale seedbed spraying

  1. Employ cultural control methods
  2. Be patient and create the best stale seedbeds
  3. Use the best application techniques:
  •    Maintain a 50cm boom height
  •    12km/hr forward speed or less
  •    Nozzle choice – select the best nozzle for conditions
  •    Water volumes of 100-125 litres/ha
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Fine tuning to help beat blackgrass

December 11, 2020 by

Spraying against blackgrass

Leading spray application specialist, Tom Robinson, combines his own expert advice with guidance from BASF, Bayer, Monsanto and Syngenta to discover how to fine-tune autumn applications to get the best control from their herbicides.

Grass weed control in the autumn has become increasingly difficult in recent years, due in no small part to increased herbicide resistance, particularly post emergence selective products.

The challenge for the operator is to get the best out of each herbicide application, through a combination of sprayer set up, timing and application technique. Representatives from BASF, Bayer, Monsanto and Syngenta all agree fine tuning applications will help achieve the best autumn grassweed control and get the best from the products.

Pre-drilling sprays

Glyphosate is the active ingredient of choice for pre-drilling (stale seed bed) applications.

Spray off blackgrass with Roundup, once the largest plants have two leaves. Germination should take place in about ten days, provided there is enough moisture – 540g a.i./ha is sufficient for good control.

Modern Roundup sprays work best at reduced volumes 80-100 litres/ha. They are sensitive to cation lock up in hard water, so may need a water conditioner. Lower water volumes also reduce the chance of cation lock up.

Monsanto’s technical development manager, Barrie Hunt, recommends two or three sprays where possible. More blackgrass will be successfully removed by spraying each flush of weeds at the two-three leaf stage, than waiting for a single spray just before drilling. Ensure you cultivate between sprays to tackle any survivors.

Barrie also explains as Roundup is compatible with most pre-emergent herbicides, it can be usefully tank mixed as a post drilling pre-emergence spray combined with other pre-emergence products.

Monsanto recommends traditional fan jets at 1.5-2.5 bar pressure, and also supports the use of angled 3D nozzles. Monsanto emphasises the need to use the recommended dose for all herbicide applications, to reduce the onset of herbicide resistance.

spraying blackgrass

Pre-emergence sprays

Shadows behind clods, where no spray lands, can be caused both by the prevailing wind, or the speed of the vehicle imparting a horizontal trajectory to the spray.

Improving coverage in three dimensions requires a spray that has a backward trajectory greater than the forward speed of the machine, as well as downwards and forwards. The nozzle developed specifically for this job in 2009 was the Defy nozzle from Syngenta.

The latest 3D nozzle gives even better three-dimensional coverage, and is Tom Robinson’s nozzle of choice for autumn applications. It also achieves 1 and 2 star LERAP status. The nozzles are alternated forward and backward along the boom, to achieve the 3D spray effect.

Timing is key

Bayer CropScience emphasises the ideal timing of a pre-emergence application of Liberator (diflufenican+flufenacet) is within 48 hours of drilling. Later applications require pre-emergence herbicides to penetrate deeper into the soil profile to get within the rooting zone of the blackgrass.

Bayer recommends fan jets delivering a medium spray quality, and spray volumes of 100-200 litres/ha. It particularly emphasises the benefits of a smooth seed bed to ensure even soil coverage and to avoid the issue of clods causing shading or subsequent emergence as they break down.

BASF offers similar advice for its range of herbicides, stressing the need for a fine firm seed bed. BASF recommends spray volumes down to 100 litres/ha and forward speeds of 10-12km/hr. The preferred nozzle type is a traditional fan jet producing a fine spray for good soil coverage.

Latest thinking

The most up-to-date autumn herbicide application research work, in the past 2 years, has been carried out by James Thomas of Syngenta.

James has found with traditional fan jet sprays, that 50 litres/ha, 300 litres/ha and 400 litres/ha worked less well than 100 and 200 litres/ha. The 3D forward and backward at 100 litres/ha and 200 litres/ha outperformed all the fan jet treatments at the same water volumes.

Last season Syngenta trialled 90% drift reduction nozzles and achieved good results with these at the higher water volume of 200 litres/ha. The Syngenta recommendation is 12km/hr, 200 litres/ha using 3D nozzles forward and back when weather conditions are favourable, and 200 litres/ha using 90% drift reduction fan jets when conditions are unfavourable.

Post-emergence foliar sprays

Winter wheat

The most widely used product is probably Atlantis WG (iodosulfuron+mesosulfuron). Bayer’s recommendations include: Water volume – 200 litres/ha down to 100 litres/ha. Timing – GS 11-13 (1 -3 leaves).

Avoid application if rain is forecast. Traditional fan jets are preferred but angled nozzles may do a good job too. Maximum speed 12km/hr. The adjuvant Biopower is a key component to the product’s performance.

Winter barley

The most widely used product is probably Axial (pinoxaden). Syngenta’s recommendations include: Water volume 100-200 litres/ha. Timing – GS 11-12 (1-2 leaves). Speed up to 12km/hr. The adjuvant Adigor should be added to the spray mix at a rate of 1%, at volumes less than 200 litres/ha – i.e. 1 litre in 100 litres/ha. Preferred nozzle is the 3D.

If access to the weeds is good, pointing the nozzles all forwards will apply the most product to the weed leaves. This can more than double the spray on the leaf compared with a fan jet. However if the weed leaves are likely to be shaded by clods, then it makes sense to alternate the nozzles forward and backward.

Focus on buffer zones – understanding LERAP

December 5, 2020 by

Field margin with buffer zone to protect wildlife

Compiled and checked by experts, this article on buffer zones, provides advice and explanations to help operators protect water, insects and wildlife and keep on the right side of the law.

This definitive guide, first printed in Pro Operator, has been updated exclusively for EiO members. An essential information resource, it will be quickly updated if and whenever the rules change, to help you to meet your legal obligations and follow best practice.

Text and drawings by Matthew Horne, a sprayer operator and qualified instructor.

NOTE:

This article can also be accessed as an online training course worth 2 NRoSO and 2 BASIS points. If you wish to read the same content, but be able to sit the test, go to the EiO TRAINING section.

Buffer zones protect water

The Code of Practice for the Use of Pesticides requires all operators to undertake an Environmental Risk assessment before spraying to prevent products contaminating non-target areas.

Statutory rules on pesticide use also require all operators to undertake a Local Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides – LERAP – prior to spraying applicable products near water.

Many pesticides now have a minimum buffer zone that must be adhered to when applying next to watercourses. Some buffers are legally required, while others are voluntary or a requirement of a stewardship scheme.

There are now four schemes:

  • LERAP A and B
  • Interim Scheme
  • Drift Reducing Technology (DRT)
  • Arthropod buffer zones

The rules are legally binding for the use of most products. If you breach the regulations it could result in enforcement action, including prosecution of the operator and/or employer.

It is a statutory requirement that LERAP records are produced and kept. Operators must record their LERAP and keep it for three years. If, however, you just apply the buffer zone specified on the label you don’t have to carry out a LERAP. But you are still legally obliged to record this decision as normal in your spray records.

Some buffers, however, are voluntary or a requirement of a stewardship scheme. It is important operators recognise these and follow the guidance to protect the future use of products.

What is a buffer zone?

A buffer zone is simply a minimum distance required between the intended target and the top of the bank of an adjacent watercourse, boundary, margin or hedge.

Compliance strip at field edge as buffer zone

Non-cropped areas, such as field edge grass strips as well as cross compliance strips can be included in the buffer zone requirements.

To determine the minimum size of buffer zone required between a crop and water body operators should undertake a Local Environmental Risk Assessment for Pesticides (LERAP) for a product being applied near to water when it is required. Although a LERAP can be undertaken relatively easily, a series of changes to the overall requirements for no-spray buffer zones alongside water have been introduced on product labels during the past five years.

What is the watercourse width?

Drawing of watercourse width for LERAPs assessment

The width of a watercourse is classified as being either less than 3m, 3-6m, or more than 6m. The wider the watercourse the greater reduction in the buffer zone that can be applied to the adjacent field.

Importantly, the buffer zone distance required is always measured from the top of the bank NOT the edge of the water in the watercourse. Operators should always check watercourses before spraying.

Read the label

Product label for LERAPs assessment

The requirement to undertake the LERAP will be clearly stated on the specific product’s label.

This means it’s vital to always read the label to determine the specific LERAP requirements, other specific warnings and advice to ensure they are applied with a suitable buffer zone, if required.

LERAP A and B

Although the Chemical Regulations Directorate (CRD) has not classified products with this method for more than five years, these classifications are still commonly found on product labels. It is likely that they will remain on some products into the future. It is, therefore, important that operators are aware of what they mean.

The LERAP A and B scheme was undertaken on a product basis and so the buffer zone requirement will be the same for all crops on the product label. After carrying out a LERAP assessment the buffer zones may be reduced in certain circumstances and following set conditions, which must be recorded.

LERAP A

LERAP drawing demonstrating that 5m buffer zone cannot be reduced unless the ditch is dry
LERAP A – 5m buffer cannot be reduced unless the ditch is dry

A 1m buffer zone may also be used with a LERAP A product if it is applied with a handheld applicator and this is a permitted method given on the label. This may also apply in other LERAP schemes.

Non-cropped areas, such as field edge grass strips or cross compliance strips can be included in the buffer zone.

Drawing of buffer zone for LERAPs reduced due to dry ditch

LERAP B

Drawing for LERAP assessment for a category B product

With a product classified as Category B it is possible to reduce the buffer zone width from 5m to 1m by undertaking a LERAP. The requirement to undertake the LERAP will be clearly stated on the specific product’s label.

Can be reduced to 1m if:

  • Ditch is dry at the time of application
  • LERAP 3* rated nozzles are used
  • ¼ maximum dose rate

Can be reduced to 2m if:

  • Width of watercourse ˃6m
  • LERAP 2* rated nozzles are used
Dry ditch during spray application

In both the LERAP A or B Scheme and the Interim Scheme it is possible to reduce the buffer zone to 1m if the ditch is dry at the time of application.

Interim (Aquatic) Scheme

The Interim (Aquatic) Scheme extends the original scheme and introduces the use of buffer zones greater than 5m and up to 20m, with the aim of protecting water.

Under the Interim Scheme buffers are set on a crop by crop basis, so there may be different buffer zone widths for different crops for the same product. These will be stated on the label.

If the label states the required buffer zone for the crop is less than, or equal to 5m, it is possible to reduce the width, after carrying out a LERAP and complying with certain conditions.

Draing of buffer zone for interim aquatic scheme under LERAPS

Can be reduced to 1m after carrying out a LERAP if:

  • Ditch is dry at the time of application
  • LERAP 3* rated nozzles are used
  • ¼ maximum dose rate

 Can be reduced to 2m after carrying out a LERAP if:

  •  Width of watercourse ˃6m
  • LERAP 2* rated nozzles are used

Watercourse width

drawing of watercourse width for LERAPs

The width of watercourse is classified as being either less than 3m, 3m-6m, or more than 6m. The wider the watercourse, the greater reduction in the buffer zone that can be applied to the adjacent field.

Importantly, the buffer zone distance required is always

Cut the dose to narrow the buffer

It is possible to reduce the permitted buffer zone width by also decreasing the dose rate. Note, where a dose rate reduction is used to narrow the buffer zone in the LERAP, the same product cannot be applied to the same area within 48 hours.

As the tables below show, using LERAP approved nozzles also provide the potential to further reduce the buffer, where permitted on the label.

For products classified as LERAP B and those with a reducible 5m buffer zone in the Interim (Aquatic) Scheme the use of low drift nozzles (1, 2 or 3 star-rated) can reduce the buffer zone size, irrespective of the size of the watercourse or product dose rate.

However, where LERAP-rated, low drift nozzles are used to reduce buffer zones operators need to ensure they continue to use these nozzles to spray the crop for a minimum of 12m from the top of the bank of the watercourse.

Interim (Aquatic) Scheme – 6m to 20m buffers

If the product label states an Interim (Aquatic) Scheme buffer zone of between 6m to 20m non-reducible it cannot be reduced. The buffer distance can vary depending on the crop.

When you are sure that you have noted the key points, you are ready to complete the first LERAPs test. This is followed by a final Lesson on drift reduction and arthropod buffer zones, followed by the last set of test questions.

Drift and wildlife

Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) Scheme

Drawing for LERAP drift reduction scheme

With a combination of unreducible buffer zones and LERAP 3* rated nozzles, the Drift Reduction Technology (DRT) scheme permits the use of products that would otherwise be unable to gain regulatory approval under other LERAP schemes.

Under this scheme a non-reducible buffer zone of 6m, 12m or 18m will be given on the product label on a crop by crop basis. It also requires the use of LERAP 3* rated drift reduction nozzles for a distance of up to 30m from the top of a bank.

Operators need to check the label carefully because the DRT Scheme sets crop specific buffer zones. It is possible a single product could have different zone widths for different crops – like the Interim Scheme.

If a tank mix contains products with different zone widths, you must always comply with the label with the most restrictive conditions.

  • Use of LERAP 3* nozzles and operating conditions up to 30m from any watercourse
  • Non-reducible 6m, 12m or 18m compulsory DRT buffer no-spray zone
  • 30m secondary buffer zone – reducible using LERAP 3* nozzles
  • Applies irrespective of watercourse size and width

It is important to read labels very carefully: first to identify whether a DRT buffer is necessary and then the width required for the specific crop.

Product label showing drift reduction buffer zone
product label for drift reduction under LERAPs

Arthropod buffer zones

drawing of buffer zones to protect wildlife
Drift Reduction Technology protects insects and wildlife in uncropped land with a non-reducible buffer and LERAP 3* nozzles.

The Arthropod buffer zone scheme has been introduced to protect insects and wildlife in uncropped land. It applies to all boundaries such as permanent grass margins and hedges. Read the label carefully and know how to understand and interpret the instructions. The details will be explained in the ‘Directions for Use’ section of the label.

Some buffer zones are compulsory, which means they must be adhered to (statutory) to comply with the conditions of use.

A ‘statutory’ buffer is required for a product deemed a high risk to non-target species. The key words to look for in this instance are ‘Respect’ and ‘Do Not’.

If the buffer zone is ‘Advisory’ – it’s recommended to use a buffer zone to protect non-target species. Key words here are ‘Avoid’ and ‘Precautions’.

The buffer zones are measured from the edge of the uncropped land. The cropped area can include managed grass margins, wild flower margins and conservation headlands, which are commonly found on field margins. However, the cropped area does not include the 1m or 2m cross compliance area, the edge of which may form the non-cropped area.

  • Check if buffer is ‘Statutory’ or ‘Advisory’
  • Buffer zone widths vary with the crop type
  • Buffer zones are non-reducible
  • Buffer zone is measured from the edge of the uncropped land
6m buffer zone around a field of Oilseed Rape

In the Arthropod Scheme, the cropped area can include managed grass margins, wild flower margins and conservation headlands, which are commonly found on field margins.

If you would like to download a PDF of a sample LERAP record card, click here:

PDF download

picture of LERAP record card

Further Reading:

We strongly suggest you read and become familiar with the content in the following external links. This official information will ensure you have a good understanding of the issues.

Step by Step guide to LERAP assessments on the Health and Safety Executive website . Access HERE

Explanation of Category A & B, also on the Government website HERE

Authorised products with aquatic buffer zone restrictions HERE

We also recommend you search for officially recognised LERAP low drift rated equipment HERE

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